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Unlike dyes, pigments are usually insoluble in the medium used and exist in the form of aggregates in most cases. To achieve good coloring power, covering power, and chromaticity, it is necessary to open the aggregate of pigments and maintain stability. If the pigment is not well dispersed, many defects may occur, such as flocculation, loss of gloss, color deviation, floating/blooming, precipitation, etc. This article focuses on the problems encountered during the pigment dispersion process and the role of dispersants in pigment dispersion.
1、 The dispersion process of pigments
The dispersion process of pigments consists of three steps: wetting, dispersion, and stabilization. During the wetting process, the air and moisture on the surface of the pigment are replaced by a resin solution, and the pigment/air is converted into a pigment/resin solution. Dispersants, especially low molecular weight wetting dispersants, can accelerate the wetting process. During the dispersion process, the agglomerated state of the pigment is mainly broken into smaller particles by impact and shear force, becoming a dispersed state (uniformly distributed). The third step is the stabilization process, where the dispersant is used to maintain the stability of the pigment dispersion state, prevent uncontrolled flocculation, and promote the suspension to achieve a stable state based on the type and molecular structure of the adhesive adsorbed on the pigment surface. Dispersants, especially polymer dispersants, play a significant role in stabilizing pigment particles.
1、 The dispersion process of pigments
Dispersants play a very important role in paint production. The stability of the dispersion system can avoid many coating problems and film defects. If the formula is reasonable and an appropriate amount of dispersant is added, it can effectively reduce costs and improve coating performance.
one、Enhance luster and increase leveling effect
Experiments have shown that using different dispersants with exactly the same formula can result in significant differences in the gloss of the paint film. For example, in the black coil coating system, the 20 ° gloss of the coating film prepared with three different dispersants is 69.7%, 81.5%, and 77.1%, respectively. If the dispersant used is not appropriate, the color will become coarser after flocculation, and its effect on the gloss is similar to that of matte powder, which will naturally affect the gloss.
two、Prevent floating color and blooming
Preventing floating colors and blossoming is one of the well-known functions of dispersants. To prevent floating and blooming, appropriate dispersants should be selected. Whether it is floating and blooming in the tank or in the paint film, it can be improved or eliminated. Some dispersants, such as SN-2004, are controlled flocculation dispersants with carboxyl groups in their molecular chains. While they are compatible with pigments, they also form hydrogen bonds with each other, stabilizing pigment particles and achieving the effect of preventing floating and blooming.
three、Improve coloring power
The dispersion and stability of pigments are better, and their coloring power will be significantly enhanced.
four、Reduce viscosity and increase pigment loading
By using appropriate dispersants, the viscosity of the obtained color paste will be significantly reduced. This can increase the loading capacity of pigments and improve production efficiency.
five、Reduce flocculation, increase construction and usability
Many people conduct finger tests when evaluating dispersants. If the dispersant is not properly matched, there will be a significant color difference between the area indicated and the area not indicated, and the pigment coloring power after flocculation will decrease, which brings difficulties to color mixing and coating construction. By using the flow plate test, the flocculation of the color paste can also be observed.
six 、Prevent coarsening and increase storage stability
If an inappropriate dispersant is used, the color paste may experience thickening or color changes due to flocculation, which is not what everyone hopes for. In addition to resin systems, dispersants are an important factor affecting the storage stability of coatings. Poor dispersion of color paste can lead to coarsening, sedimentation, and decreased coloring power.
seven 、Increase color spread and saturation
The effect of dispersants is most easily overlooked by everyone. There are examples that indicate that using different dispersants to disperse the same pigment can result in significant differences in color phase and saturation. Generally speaking, the better the dispersion, the higher the saturation (if it is carbon black, the better the dispersion, the lower the L value, and the higher the blackness).
eight、Increase transparency or hiding power
For aluminum powder paint, the higher the transparency of the color paste, the better. For plain paint, we also hope that the higher the covering power of the color paste, the better. Actually, this is related to the particle size of the pigment. According to data, in addition to refractive index, the particle size distribution of pigments is another important factor in transparency. As the particle size increases, the ability to scatter light increases until it reaches its maximum value, and then begins to decrease. This ability to scatter light enhances the hiding power of the pigment, reaching its maximum when the scattering ability is strongest. If the particle size continues to increase, the hiding power will decrease. When the particle size of the pigment is below a certain value, the transparency will increase as the particle size decreases. Dispersants cannot change the characteristics of pigments themselves, but can control the particle size distribution of pigments to achieve more ideal color effects.
nine、Improve grinding efficiency and reduce production costs
The wetting function of the wetting dispersant enables the air and water on the surface of the pigment to be replaced more quickly by the liquid of the grinding medium, while maintaining and controlling the separation of the primary particles of the pigment obtained during the dispersion stage. These all improve grinding efficiency, reduce energy consumption and labor costs.
ten、Preventing settlement
Many people assume that anti settling must rely on anti settling agents, but this is actually one-sided. If the ground color paste produces flocculation, the pigment particles become larger and the density increases, and it will settle quickly. Choosing a suitable dispersant for the color paste can reduce or even eliminate the need for adding anti settling agents. The author has made 70% titanium dioxide resin free color paste, which has a low viscosity (91.1mPa · s, shear rate of 10s-1) and no anti settling agent. After 15 days of hot storage (40 ℃) and 3 months of room temperature storage, no precipitation was generated. The anti settling effect of dispersants is obviously helpful for the storage stability of coatings.
Conclusion:
The application and reasonable selection of dispersants are necessary to fully utilize pigments and fillers in the paint system. Before dispersing pigments, it is necessary to understand the structure of pigments and dispersants. Many coating technicians or managers may believe that adding dispersants will increase costs, but in reality, it is not. A stable pigment filling slurry system can avoid many subsequent problems. From the comprehensive results, selecting dispersants reasonably and adding appropriate amounts can save costs and significantly improve the performance of coatings.