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Introduction to leveling agents
Leveling agent is a commonly used coating additive that can promote the formation of a flat, smooth, and uniform coating film during the drying process of the coating. There are many types of leveling agents, and the types of leveling agents used for different coatings are also different.
After coating application, there is a process of flow and drying to form a film, and then gradually form a flat, smooth, and uniform coating film. The ability of a coating to achieve a flat and smooth characteristic is called leveling. Shrinkage is one of the characteristic defects that occur during the leveling and film forming processes of coatings. In the actual construction process, due to poor leveling, brush marks appear during brushing, roll marks appear during roller coating, orange peel appears during spraying, and shrinkage, pinholes, sagging, and other phenomena occur during the drying process, all of which are called poor leveling. These phenomena reduce the decorative and protective functions of the coating.
There are many factors that affect the leveling performance of coatings, such as the evaporation gradient and solubility of solvents, surface tension of coatings, wet film thickness and surface tension gradient, rheological properties of coatings, construction technology and environment, etc. The most important factors are the surface tension of coatings, the surface tension gradient generated by wet films during film formation, and the surface tension uniformity ability of the wet film surface. To improve the leveling performance of coatings, it is necessary to consider adjusting the formula and adding appropriate additives to ensure that the coatings have appropriate surface tension and the ability to reduce surface tension gradients.
Commonly used anti shrinkage and leveling agents
Solvent based leveling agents are mainly high boiling point solvent mixtures. Solvent based coatings only improve their leveling performance by increasing the solvent to reduce viscosity, which will reduce the solid content of the coating and cause problems such as sagging; Alternatively, maintain the solvent content and only add high boiling point solvents to adjust the evaporation rate to improve leveling, resulting in a correspondingly longer drying time. Therefore, neither plan is ideal. Only by adding a mixture of high boiling point solvents, it is ideal to display various increasing characteristics (volatility index, distillation curve, solubility). The main components of solvent based leveling agents are various high boiling point mixed solvents, which have good solubility and are also good wetting agents for pigments. The use of this type of additive is effective for room temperature curing coatings due to the rapid volatilization of solvents and the increase in viscosity that hinders flow, resulting in brush marks. Solvent volatilization leads to poor solubility of the base material, resulting in shrinkage, boiling marks, foaming, and other defects in baked coatings. In addition, using a high boiling point leveling agent to adjust the evaporation rate can also overcome the whitening problem.
Long chain resins with limited compatibility are commonly used, such as polyacrylic acids and cellulose acetate. Their surface tension is relatively low, which can reduce the surface tension between the coating and the substrate, improve the wettability of the coating to the substrate, eliminate the adsorbed gas molecules on the surface of the coated solid, and prevent the adsorbed gas molecules from being expelled too late and forming defects such as pits, shrinkage pores, and orange peel on the surface of the cured coating film; In addition, they are not completely miscible with the resin and can quickly migrate to the surface to form a single molecular layer, ensuring uniform surface tension on the surface, increasing the anti shrinkage effect, and improving the smoothness and flatness of the coating surface. Polyacrylate leveling agents can also be divided into pure polyacrylate, modified polyacrylate (or combined with silicone), acrylic acid alkali tolerant resin, and pure polyacrylate leveling agents
Flat agents have poor compatibility with resins used in coatings such as ordinary epoxy resin, polyester resin, or polyurethane, and can form a foggy coating film when applied. In order to improve its compatibility, copolymers with good miscibility are usually used.
Commonly used long-chain silicone resins with limited compatibility include polydimethylsiloxane, polymethylphenylsiloxane, and organic modified polysiloxane. These substances can improve the wettability of the substrate and control surface flow, thereby improving the leveling effect. When the solvent evaporates, the silicone resin forms a single-molecule layer on the surface of the coating, improving the gloss of the coating. Modified polysiloxanes can also be divided into polyether modified silicone, polyester modified silicone, and reactive silicone. Introducing organic groups helps improve the compatibility between polysiloxanes and coating resins, even if the concentration increases, there will be no incompatibility or side effects. Modified polysiloxanes can reduce the interfacial tension between coatings and substrates, improve wettability to substrates, improve adhesion, prevent blossoming, orange peel, and reduce shrinkage, The surface of the coating film, such as the needle eye, is diseased.
Fluorine based surfactants, whose main components are polyfluorinated polyolefins, also have good compatibility and surface activity for many resins and solvents, help to improve wettability, dispersion and leveling, and can also adjust the solvent evaporation rate in solvent based paints.
Why should leveling agents be used in paint formulations
The main function of coatings is decoration and protection. If there are flow and leveling defects, it not only affects the appearance, but also damages the protective function. If the formation of shrinkage holes leads to insufficient paint film thickness, and the formation of pinholes leads to discontinuity in the paint film, these will reduce the protective properties of the paint film.
During the construction and film formation process of coatings, there will be some physical and chemical changes that, along with the properties of the coating itself, will significantly affect the flow and leveling of the coating.
After coating application, new interfaces will appear, usually the liquid/solid interface between the coating and the substrate, and the liquid/air interface between the coating and the air. If the interfacial tension between the liquid/solid interface between the coating and the substrate is higher than the critical surface tension of the substrate, the coating cannot be spread on the substrate, resulting in flow defects such as fish eyes and shrinkage holes.
During the drying process of the paint film, the volatilization of solvents can lead to temperature, density, and surface tension differences between the surface and interior of the paint film, which in turn lead to turbulent motion within the film, forming the so-called Benard vortex. Benard vortex can cause the formation of orange peel; In systems containing more than one type of pigment, if there are certain differences in the mobility of pigment particles, Benard vortices are also likely to cause floating and blooming, and vertical construction can lead to silk lines.
During the drying process of the paint film, some insoluble particles may be generated, which can lead to the formation of surface tension gradients and often lead to the formation of shrinkage pores in the paint film. For example, in a cross-linked curing system, the formula contains more than one type of resin. During the drying process of the paint film, the resin with poor solubility may form insoluble particles as the solvent evaporates. In addition, in formulas containing surfactants, if the surfactant is incompatible with the system, or if the concentration changes during the drying process as the solvent evaporates, resulting in a change in solubility and the formation of incompatible droplets, a surface tension difference will also be formed. These may all lead to the generation of shrinkage cavities.
During the construction and film formation process of coatings, if there are external pollutants, it may also cause flow defects such as shrinkage holes and fish eyes. These pollutants are usually oil, dust, paint mist, water vapor, etc. from the air, construction tools, and substrates.
The properties of the coating itself, such as construction viscosity and drying time, can also have a significant impact on the final leveling of the paint film. Excessive construction viscosity and short drying time often result in poor surface leveling.
Therefore, it is necessary to add leveling agents and adjust the properties of the coating during construction and film formation to help the coating achieve a good leveling effect.
Types of leveling agents
Leveling agents can be roughly divided into two categories. One type of leveling agent works by adjusting the viscosity and leveling time of the paint film. Most of these leveling agents are high boiling organic solvents or their mixtures, such as isophorone, diacetone alcohol, Solvesso150, etc.
Another type of leveling agent works by adjusting the surface properties of the paint film. Generally, the term leveling agent refers to this type of leveling agent. This type of leveling agent migrates to the surface of the paint film through limited compatibility, affecting surface properties such as interfacial tension, and achieving good leveling of the paint film. According to the different chemical structures, there are currently three main categories of leveling agents: acrylic acid, organosilicon, and fluorocarbon compounds.
● Acrylic leveling agent
Acrylic leveling agents include pure acrylic leveling agents and modified acrylic leveling agents.
Pure acrylic leveling agents include traditional non reactive acrylic leveling agents and new reactive acrylic leveling agents containing functional groups. This is a type of acrylic homopolymer or copolymer with varying molecular weights. This type of leveling agent only slightly reduces the surface tension of the coating, but can balance the difference in surface tension of the paint film and obtain a truly flat, mirror like surface of the paint film. If the molecular weight is high enough, such leveling agents also have degassing and defoaming effects. The disadvantage of traditional non reactive acrylic leveling agents is high molecular weight products, which may produce fog in the paint film, low molecular weight products, and may reduce the surface hardness of the paint film. Acrylic leveling agents containing reactive functional groups can effectively solve this contradiction, providing good leveling performance while not producing fog or reducing surface hardness. Sometimes, they can also increase surface hardness.
The main varieties of modified acrylic leveling agents are fluorine modified acrylic leveling agents and phosphate ester modified acrylic leveling agents. Unlike pure acrylic leveling agents, modified acrylic leveling agents can significantly reduce the surface tension of coatings, resulting in good substrate wettability while maintaining leveling properties.
Organic silicon leveling agent
Organic silicon leveling agents have two significant characteristics. One is that it can significantly reduce the surface tension of the coating, improve the wetting ability of the substrate and the fluidity of the paint film, eliminate Benard vortices, and prevent blooming. The ability to reduce surface tension depends on its chemical structure. Another significant feature is the ability to improve the smoothness, scratch resistance, and adhesion resistance of the coating. The disadvantage of such leveling agents is that they tend to stabilize foam, affect the adhesion between layers, and some also pollute the construction environment, such as the oven. There are currently three main types of its structure: polydimethylsiloxane, polymethylalkylsiloxane, and organically modified polysiloxane. Organic modified polysiloxane is more important, while pure polydimethylsiloxane is now rarely used due to its poor compatibility with paint systems. Commonly used silicone leveling agents include HY-5030, HY-5057, etc.
Fluorocarbon leveling agents
Fluorocarbon leveling agent is characterized by high efficiency, but expensive. It is generally used when acrylic leveling agent and silicone leveling agent are difficult to play a role. However, there is a tendency to stabilize foam and affect the adhesion between layers.